What citronella is
Citronella oil is a fragrant oil obtained from certain tropical grasses related to lemongrass. It has a sharp, lemony, grassy scent and is used in candles, torches, and some topical products. In candles, it is typically added as an oil or a fragrance blend to the wax, and the candle is designed for outdoor use, often in a bucket, tin, or large jar.
Citronella is also used in cleaning products, soaps, and perfumery, because of its fresh scent. In this article we focus on the candle.
The realistic benefits
Citronella candles are popular for a few practical reasons:
- Mild, short-range deterrence. The scent and smoke may make the immediate area less appealing to some flying insects. The effect is generally described as modest.
- Outdoor ambiance. A candle gives warm light for patios, camping, and backyard dinners, which is a benefit regardless of its effect on insects.
- A familiar, fresh scent. Many people like the clean, lemony smell, and some brands blend citronella with softer notes such as basil, cedar, or white tea to make it less sharp.
- Multi-use vessels. Some come in ceramic or glass containers that can be reused after the wax is gone.
Do citronella candles work on mosquitoes?
This is the most common question, and the answer is “a little, in the right conditions.” Independent testing and reviews have generally found that citronella candles offer limited protection, especially compared with registered insect repellents applied to skin, such as those containing DEET or picaridin. A candle does not create a barrier, and its effect tends to be confined to a small area around the flame.
Where mosquito-borne illness is a concern, rely on a proven repellent and other protective measures, and check guidance from your local health authority. Treat a citronella candle as a supplement and a pleasant outdoor accessory, not your main defense.
Limitations
- Wind. A breeze can carry the scented smoke away, which makes the candle far less effective outdoors.
- Range. The effect is limited to the area right around the candle. Using several candles may help a little, but not reliably.
- Duration. The candle’s effect only lasts while it burns, and it can be a short-term measure at best.
- Scent variety. Some find the traditional smell too strong, and others find a diluted version too weak to make a difference.
What smells do mosquitoes dislike?
Several plant-based scents are commonly said to repel mosquitoes, including citronella, lemongrass, eucalyptus, lavender, and peppermint. The strength of the evidence differs between them and generally depends on concentration and on how the product is applied. Plants growing in your garden usually have very little effect on their own because the scent is not strong enough or close enough. If you want to learn how these oils differ from synthetic scents, see aromatherapy oils vs essential oils.
Using citronella candles well
If you want to get the most from an outdoor candle:
- Place it near where people sit, but not so close that smoke bothers you.
- Choose a sheltered spot, since wind reduces the effect.
- Use a stable, heat-safe surface away from tablecloths, dry leaves, umbrellas, and other flammable items.
- Combine it with other measures such as fans (mosquitoes are weak fliers), long sleeves, and removing standing water where they breed.
- Keep it away from children and never leave it burning unattended.
Safety, pets, and sensitivities
Citronella candles produce smoke, and the scent can be strong. Keep these cautions in mind:
- Use them outdoors or in very well-ventilated areas unless the label says otherwise.
- Citronella oil can be a concern for cats and dogs, who may be affected if they ingest the wax or oil or spend time near heavy smoke. Keep candles out of their reach, and contact a veterinarian if you are worried about a pet.
- People with asthma or fragrance sensitivity may find the smoke and scent irritating.
- Follow all the usual candle safety rules, including a stable base and never leaving a flame unattended.
Citronella and spiritual meaning
Some readers ask what citronella means spiritually. In some folk and spiritual traditions, citronella and lemongrass are associated with cleansing or protection. This is a matter of personal and cultural belief and is not backed by scientific evidence. For a wider look at candle use, see our overview of scented candles benefits.
Making your own citronella candle
Makers sometimes add citronella oil or a citronella fragrance to wax for outdoor candles. The amount, type of oil, and wax matter, and the candle should be tested carefully before use. Read about the most popular fragrance oils and the difference between essential and fragrance oils before you buy supplies. Follow your supplier’s recommended usage rate and safety information, and see the essential oil to wax ratio guide for how fragrance load is calculated.
FAQ
Is a citronella candle effective for mosquitoes? It may reduce them slightly nearby, but protection is limited, and registered repellents are generally more reliable.
What is citronella used for? It is used in candles, torches, cleaning products, soaps, and fragrances, mostly for its fresh lemony scent.
Can I use citronella candles indoors? They are designed for outdoor use. If you do use one indoors, ventilate well and check the label.
Are there other scents worth exploring? Yes. See our guide to the types of scented candles for other fragrance families.